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The Unified and Traditional Basque Language
Explained
EUSKARA, THE LANGUAGE OF THE BASQUE PEOPLE
The
Basque language is an inflected language whose origin is still somewhat puzzling. The fact that it is not an Indoeuropean
language, and shows no ressemblance to languages in neighbouring countries, has led to the formulation of a variety of hypotheses
to explain its existence. Owing to some similarities with the Georgian language, some linguists think it could be related
to languages from the Caucasus. Others relate the language to non-Arabic languages from the north of Africa. One of the most
likely hypotheses argues that the Basque language developed "in situ", in the land of the primitive Basques. That theory is
supported by the discovery of some Basque-type skulls in Neolithic sites, which ruled out the thesis of immigration from other
areas. Many think it is a very old language because there are words, such as that for axe ("aizkora" or "haizkora") for example,
that have the same root as the word rock ("aitz"> or "haitz")
Throughout history, the Basque language has taken
up words not only from Latin, Castilian and French, but also from Celtic (Deba, zilar: "silver"), and Arabic (azoka" "market",
gutuna: "letter"). On the other hand, words such as the Castilian for "left" and "scrap" ("izquierda" and "chatarra" respectively),
and the French and English for "bizarre" come from the Basque language.
Rural communities have kept the language alive for
centuries. Before Roman times, it seems that the Basque language was spoken in an area larger than the present one, which
bordered on the north with Aquitane, and on the south with the River Ebro. It is estimated, nowadays, that more than 600,000
people speak Basque in the seven historic Basque provinces: Lapurdi, Zuberoa and Behenafarroa (in France), and Gipuzkoa, Bizcaia,
Araba and Navarre (in Spain). There are 520,000 Basque speaking people in the Basque provinces in Spain, that is 25% of their
total population.
The Basque language was not written until the 16th century, but that was not obstacle to creating
a rich oral literature, kept alive up to the present times by the "bertsolarismo" and the pastorals. Curiously, the first
written texts in the Basque language (the sentences "iziogui dugu" and "guec ajutu ez dugu", "we have lit" and "we have not
helped") are in the 10th century Glosas Emilianenses, which contain the first examples of the Castilian ballad. In the 12th
century, the Calixtino Codex mentions some Basque vocabulary of the people living along the pilgrim's road to Santiago de
Compostela. But Linguae Vasconum Primitiae, the first book written in Basque by Bernard Dechepare, was not published until
1545. From the onwards, and not without difficulties, a flourishing literature has developed. The bersolarismo has been kept
up in the oral literature. The "bertsolaris" improvise verses in a given metrical form (eight, ten lines...) for which they
use little tunes. The meaning of the verses varies, going from satire and humour to the finest Iyricism. Competitions for
bersolaris are held regularly; they help spread and interest in this type of popular literature.
"Kilometroak", a
popular movement supporting the Basque language. Things have not been easy for the Basque language. Apart from having to compete
with two powerful neighbouring languages like Castilian and French, Basque was a forbidden language during the dictatorship
that followed the Civil War. For decades, children had to study in an unfamiliar language, and were severely punished when
they spoke in Basque, even at play time. An important movement to open up Basque schools called "ikastolas" started at that
time. After a long and systematic effort on the part of many people, a parallel school network was set up to satisfy the needs
of teaching in Basque. Today Basque schools are in the process of becoming part of the Basque state school, but in the French
Basque Country, and some parts of Navarre, Basque schools are the only ones which provide teaching in Basque.
The
effort carried out for the recovery of the Basque language among adults was a leading cause. Therefore, every year a large
number of people, whose mother tongue is other than Basque, learn to speak Basque. That way, the old myth that Basque is an
impossible language to learn, is gone for ever. Also, religion was a key element in the development of the written Basque
language.
From the studies carried out by Prince Luis Luciano Bonaparte, the author of the Linguistic Charter (1883),
Basque is considered to be divided in seven main dialects (Roncalés, the eight one, is already dead), and a number of subdialects.
The reason for such variety is the geographical location, and the fact that until recent times Basque was mainly spoken in
rural areas. With a view to modernizing the language, so it could be used as a cultural vehicle, the first steps were taken
to define a unified language from 1964 onwards. Since 1968 Euskaltzaindia (the Basque Academy of the Language), founded in
Oñate in 1918, has been in charge of this task. The unified Basque language was called Euskara Batua (unified), and it is
mainly based on the variety of dialects from Laburdi (with a major literary tradition), and Gipuzkoa. In spite of the natural
criticism and controversy, Euskara Batua is, nowadays, the most widespread type used by the mass media, in literature, and
teaching.
For those who wish to know more about the Basque language and literature, there are two interesting pocket
books: "Mitología e Ideología sobre la Lengua Vasca", by A. Tovar, Alianza Editorial, n.= 771; and "Historia Social de la
Literatura Vasca" by Ibon Sarasola, Akal 74, n.= 59. For a more detailed study on literature: "Historia de la Literatura Vasca",
by Fr. L. Villasante, Ed. Aranzazu, 1979.
NUMERICS
(English = Basque)
zero = huts
one
= bat
two = bi
three = hiru
four = lau
five = bost
six = sei
seven = zazpi
eight = zortzi
nine
= bederatzi
ten = hamar
eleven = hamaika
twelve = hamabi
thirteen = hamahiru
fourteen = hamalau
fifteen
= hamabost
sixteen = hamasei
seventeen = hamazazpi
eighteen = hemezortzi
nineteen = hemeretzi
twenty =
hogei
twenty one = hogeita bat
thirty
= hogeita hamar
forty = berrogei
fifty = berrogeita hamar
sixty = hirurogei
seventy = hirurogeita hamar
eighty
= laurogei
ninety = laurogeita hamar
one hundred = ehun
one thousand = mila
one million = milioi bat
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.... An ancient language unchanged:
In the Middle Ages, the geographical area where Euskara was the main language covered all the Basque Provinces in their entirety,
except for the western tip of Biscay and the southernmost tip of Navarre and Alava. For some centuries, this area expanded
beyond the Basque Country to the south, into parts of the Rioja region and north of Burgos. It is also likely that in the
high valleys of the Pyrenees, east of today's Basque Country, varieties of the language were alive well into the Middle Ages.
Since the Middle Ages, the area where Euskara is the main language of communication has shrank relentlessly.
By the XVIIIth century it lost large parts of the province of Alava, and during the XIXth century large areas of Navarre lost
the language as well. In contrast to the southern area, were the language has disappeared increasingly in the last three centuries,
the northern borders of the Euskara speaking area have remained stable, probably in relation to the fact that the neighbouring
language was not French but rather Gascon, a very distinct variety of Occitan. Nowadays, Euskara's territory has been reduced
to Biscay -except the western tip and the city of Bilbao-, Guipuscoa, the valley of Aramaio in the north of Alava, the northwestern
area of Navarre and all the Northern Basque Country (the Basque area within French borders), except for the urban areas of
Bayonne, Anglet and Biarritz.
The oldest traces of Euskara in history are a set of proper names found
in Roman inscriptions in the Aquitanie. They consist mostly of person and divinity names, which are easily recognizable given
modern Basque: thus for instance, Andere corresponds to andere 'woman, lady', and Nescato corresponds to neskato 'maiden'.
There are also a few adjectives and suffixes that further confirm the fact that these are the first written traces of Euskara,
dating from the first centuries after Christ.
While up to the present century the predominant and often
only language used in the Euskara speaking area was Euskara, we cannot say the same about this century. Nowadays, even within
the Euskara speaking region, a minority of the population knows the language: only a fourth of the inhabitants of the Basque
country and slightly less than half of the inhabitants of the Euskara speaking area. However, the number of speakers is increasing
in the younger generations of the areas that include Euskara at school, and there is also a large number of adults who have
learned or are learning the language.
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Some Common Words and Phrases
(English = Euskara)
Yes = Bai
No = Ez
Thank you = Eskerrik asko
Thank you very much = Eskerrik asko
You're welcome = Ez horregatik
Please = Mesedez, Arren
Excuse me = Barkaidazu
Hello = Kaixo
Goodbye
= Agur
So long = Gero arte
Good morning = Egun on
Good afternoon = Arratsalde on
Good evening = Arratsalde
on
Good night = Gabon
I do not understand = Ez dut ulertzen
How do you say this in [English]? = Nola
esaten da hau [euskaraz]?
Do you speak ... = Hitz egiten al duzu...?
English = ingelesez
French = frantzesez
German = alemanieraz
Spanish = gazteleraz
Chinese = txineraz
I = ni
We = gu
You (singular,
familiar) = hi
You (singular, formal) = zu
You (plural) = zuek
They = haiek
What is your name? = Zein
da zure izena?
Nice to meet you. = Pozten nau zu ezagutzeak
How are you? = Zer moduz zaude?
Good = Ongi
Bad
= Gaizki
So so = Erdipurdi
Wife = Emazte
Husband = Senar
Daughter = Alaba
Son = Seme
Mother
= Ama
Father = Aita
Friend = Lagun
Where is the bathroom? -or- Where is the toilet? = Non dago komuna?
Here are some examples of Grammar usage and form:
a.'the child fell in the street'
umea kalean
erori da
child-the street-in fall-asp is
b. 'the woman has seen the man'
emakumeak gizona ikusi du
woman-the-E man-the seen has
c. 'the man has given the book to the child'
gizonak umeari liburua
eman dio
man-the-E child-the-D book-the given has.
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